Remembering A Giant and African-American NASCAR Driver by Frank Scott Free Essay Example, 1000 words

In the pursuit of social recognition and financial success, the blacks in America experience numerous obstacles, and records have shown that a large number of AAs have their endeavours impeded by racial prejudices. The AAs most often endure the stress of feeling that their efforts are not appropriately rewarded, and such goal-striving stress contributes towards lack of happiness and self-esteem (Sellers Neighbors, 2008). However, Wendell Scott exhibited optimism and courage in spite of not receiving the rewards and recognition that he deserved. According to his son, I think that's what made him so great. He chose to be a race car driver, and he was going to race until he couldn't race no more ( African-American NASCAR Driver. ..., 2015 ). As a result of racial discrimination and prevalence of poverty among the AAs, it is a common phenomenon that they suffer from chronic and acute stress which can result in health problems. It is the degree of the coping capacity of an individual with chronic stress that indicates his level of social adjustment. According to a study of black Americans, it was observed that a combination of high cognitive ability and social support reduces the effect of race-related stress on health. We will write a custom essay sample on Remembering A Giant and African-American NASCAR Driver by Frank Scott or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page When they decided, after their marriage, to adopt a child they faced strong resistance from adoption agencies. They were even told by a social worker that they could not be good parents which initially devastated Colleen.

Essay on Social Inequality Between Men and Women - 1102 Words

There are many forms of social inequality that can be analyzed in the study of anthropology. One of these is the social inequality between men and women. Though gender is studied relatively commonly in the field of anthropology, it is not often looked at through the lens of social inequality. The observations of Sarah Lamb and Deborah Tannen in their articles, The Politics of Dirt and Gender: Body Techniques in Bengali India, and Whos Interrupting?: Issues of Dominance and Control, respectively, lend a great deal of information to the topic at hand, as does my general observations of the conversations and traditions that occur in the sociocultural setting of the family dinner table. The social inequalities between men and women†¦show more content†¦This goes even further when Lamb states that skin color has a bigger impact on women in India than men- the darker-skinned women are considered to be even more impure and open than the light-skinned ones, and require a specia l dowry to be paid to the groom while getting married off, if they ever get married at all! Even in modern American society, there are stereotypes that are perpetuated about the innate differences between men and women. Tannen writes that there is a commonly held stereotype that women talk and interrupt men (188), but also goes on to state that research shows that men interrupt women. In other words, men and women interrupt each other. She even defines different types of interruption and divides them into groups including: interruption without overlap, overlap without interruption, successful cooperative overlapping, unsuccessful cooperative overlapping, and uncooperative overlapping. She concludes that men and women fall into those different categories. This division does not show a big difference in how men and women interrupt each other- they both use all of the methods. However, there is a difference in how men and women perceive the type of interruption. For example, the level of sensitivity with which men respond to interruption without overlap is greaterShow M oreRelatedGender Differences And Gender Inequality1717 Words   |  7 Pages Gender differences and gender inequality are sometimes used interchangeably but do not refer to the same thing. The two concepts are common in gender literature; however, they are not uniform across different cultures based on the degree of conservative attitudes present. The significant differences between sexes and used as arguments against equal rights primarily against women’s rights. Hence, the gender issue has continually been created in light of the standard views or conceptions ofRead MoreInequality is a Fact of Life and Yet Condemned as an Offense to Civilized Society1253 Words   |  5 PagesInequality is presumed to be a fact of life and condemned as an offence to civilised society. The debates associated with inequality have changed over time and have been portrayed in different contexts. Inequalities can be distinguished in terms of whether they are inequalities of opportunity, inequalities of outcome, inequalities of access or inequalities in entitlement (Platt 2011). Inequality is also differentiated as to whether they are just or unjust, avoidable or unavoidable, or naturally orRead MoreGender Inequality Is The Unequal Treatment Of Someone Based Off Their Gender961 Words   |  4 Pagesgender inequality is the unequal treatment of someone based off their gender rather than their varying skills, abilities, and characteristics. In our society gender equality can be hard to notice sometimes but in other cases it is very obvious such as pay scale for jobs. Many efforts have been taken in the past to get rid of this unequal gap between genders especially in the modern workplace. It is difficulty for many of us to think about gender inequality especially considering how many women are inRead MoreThe Inequality Of Health Distribution1197 Words   |  5 Pagesnot see the pattern related to health inequality. They are many reports furnished by the sociologists after their research that proved the inequality on health distribution. Researchers have find that the health has been inequality distribution by groups including: social class, gender, and ethnicity. Many issues have served them to come on these conclusions included: infant deaths, morbidity, disability, mortality rates and life expectancy. In terms of social class They are many factors that contributedRead MoreCharlotte Perkins Gilman, Simone De Beauvoir, and Virginia Woolf: Champions of Equality for Women1507 Words   |  7 PagesMany philosophers have argued that freedom should be applied to men in society. They argue that men should have both physical freedom and the liberty to express themselves. However, not many philosophers take into account the freedom and equality that women should have by nature. In the women’s case, equality is a necessary condition of freedom. In the works by women philosophers Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Simone De Beauvoir, and Virginia Woolf, an analysis on their works shows that these authorsRead MoreGender Inequality : A Social Problem1016 Words   |  5 PagesGender inequality is a social problem that is widespread in society. It is referred to as the unfair treatment of individuals based on one s gender. Historically, laws have opposed women to go to school, access certain jobs, and purchase property. Gender inequality has been experience through culture – honor-killing, sex-selective abortion, and society – occupation, gender roles, and education. The social expectations of men and women differ between cultures that are constructed socially and culturallyRead MoreThe Wage Gap Between Men And Women Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pages It is a known fact that women faced inequality in the past, however, it is arguable whether they still face inequality today. When bringing statistics to the table, there is a wage gap between men and women. This is caused by many things. For one, women have tended to exceed men when it comes to education. However, men still tend to receive better jobs with higher pay. This is because gender inequality. There is also inequality inside of the work place. Men tend to receive more promotional opportunitiesRead MoreGender Inequality : A Social Problem1728 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyze why a social problem exists, came to be and where its future lies. The best explanation on why gender inequality is, always has been, and will continue to be a social problem is from the functionalist perspective. Functionalist focus on how a society creates the social problem and then analyzes how and why the social issue has been maintained over the years. The objective reality is that gender inequality has and always will be a major issue in society. The scope of gender inequality has changedRead MoreThe Social Inequality Of Women And Women1003 Words   |  5 Pages Many inequalities exist in society today between men and women at both the micro and macro level. The idea that men and women should be equal in all respects, including economically, politically, and socially equal is at the core of the feminist theory. Generally, feminism describes a society where women are treated differently from men just because they are women. This differential treatment puts women at a disadvantage where they become subordinate to men. With regard s to sexuality, men enjoyRead MoreInequality Between Men And Women1315 Words   |  6 Pages Inequality between Men and Women Trisha Stafford American Public University System Mrs. Decter Table of Contents Introduction 3 Defining â€Å"Social Problem† 3 Explaining Sociological Viewpoint 3 Chosen Social Problem Introduction 3 Thesis 3 Defining Sexism 3 Why is it a social problem? 3-4 Statistics 4 Identifying and Defining Four Concepts Related to Sexism 4-5 How is this problem being addressed? 5 Conclusion 6 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Business Sustainability Capability Specific Level

Question: Discuss about the case study Business Sustainability for Capability Specific Level. Answer: Introduction Sustainability is the capability to continue at a specific level for a particular time by utilizing the potential resources. The perseverance of systems and procedures has become more and more essential to the business entities (Ahmad Mahmood, 2015). During the assessment, I identified that sustainability involves a continuation of a definite behavior indefinitely that considers three pillars i.e. environmental, economical and social sustainability. However, in recent years as the competition among the industries are increasing, issues regarding sustainability also arising enduringly. For Instance ConAgra Foods, one of the biggest food entities failed to maintain its sustainability strategies towards environmental factor. In the year 2006, it was reported by CERES that the company failed to perform efficiently for environmental benefits. Another company, NRG Energy was reportedly discharged pollution that used to effect environment. So it can be said that sustainability is an essential factor that each company should adhere to (Ahmad Mahmood, 2015). Discussion However, it is important to identify the issues that obstruct the sustainability of the business enterprises as well as their growth in the industrial sector. Hence, I evaluated certain frameworks that measure the level of performance to be sustainable or ensuing sustainable growth by the organizations. One such accounting framework I selected to measure the performance level is called Triple Bottom Line (TBL). It is the approach to identify the companys business position with respect to social, environmental and financial which sometimes referred to as 3Ps- people, planet and profits. Measuring the profit in financial term is a common approach that every company follows for the accounting period but the challenging job is to determine the value with respect to people and planet (Smith, 2016). One of the major challenges in measuring the values of environmental and social factors I found is lack of common unit to quantify. For example, profit or financial factor is measured in the units of currency (dollar, pound or euro) but there is no definite unit to determine the social and environmental values. Another significant strategy that I could evaluate to sustain the business is sustainable capital for five essential areas that contribute to the organizations performance. These five forms of capital used in business are: Financial capital Manufactured capital Natural capital Human capital and Social capital Most of the people think about financial capital i.e. the money used for funding the business operations, when we talk about the term capital. I understood that the human, social and natural capital is of equal importance for the entities that develops the performance the companies in every aspects. But, many companies face the challenges in determining the capital requirement and values they are generating because it is difficult to quantify the exact value of human, natural and social capital that are intangible assets by nature (Bocken, 2015). Planning and executing an effective business strategy is critical and complex that requires the evaluation and analysis of various frameworks (Ciegis, Ramanauskiene Martinkus, 2015). In this regard, I analyzed that Dexter Dunphy worked out the six phases of sustainability called The Dunphy scale that determines the position of the organization and its relationship with the society. The six phases used by Dunphy that business approaches to sustain in the market are as follows: 1. Rejection 2. Non- Responsiveness 3. Compliance 4. Efficiency 5. Strategic sustainability 6. Sustaining corporation Sustainability Phases used by Dunphy states the issues that companies are facing while maintaining business sustainability and I found that the companies belief on their existence for maximization of profits. Many organizations lack responsibility towards the ethical factors, environmental factor and society factor that causes in failure to meet the required business standards. I evaluated that the Companies often fail to deal with wellness and benefits of society and employees that affects the growth of business in the long-run (Shaw et al., 2015). Conclusion I concluded from the study that the management of the organizations has to be very cautious while planning the business strategies to sustain and develop at a particular level. Its objectives should not only to maximize the profits, but to create values for people and planet as well. The concept of sustainability made me understand that if the organization is following triple bottom line approach, then it can compute its elements in terms of index that would eliminate the conflicting units issue. Southwest Airlines, reportedly is one of the successful organization in using the TBL approach. On preparing the assignment, I understood that utilizing the capital value in different forms other than the financial and manufacturing capital is a vital step every organization should follow. Companies can analyze the level of utilization of resources, production technique for measuring natural capital. I identified that human capital and social capital involves awareness of peoples health and knowledge for the society and employees and other stakeholders. I found some companies like Google, Disney, Teachers Mutual Bank are successfully following the approach to use five forms of capital effectively. Further, I concluded that the evaluation of six phases of sustainability provided by Dunphy has successful results to the companies who adopted the strategy. Each of the phases is categorized as human sustainability and ecological sustainability that helps in determining the business operations towards the employees, society and environment. As per the reports, I found some of the best companies of Australia who follow the ethical business practices are BHP Billiton, Telstra, Westpac and IAG. Reference List: Ahmad, N. L., Mahmood, N. H. N. (2015). The Concept for the Demand of Green Events from the Perspective of Attendees for Business Sustainability.Advanced Science Letters,21(6), 1826-1829. Bocken, N. M. P. (2015). Sustainable venture capitalcatalyst for sustainable start-up success?.Journal of Cleaner Production,108, 647-658. Ciegis, R., Ramanauskiene, J., Martinkus, B. (2015). The concept of sustainable development and its use for sustainability scenarios.Engineering Economics,62(2). Kim, D. B., Shin, S. J., Shao, G., Brodsky, A. (2015). A decision-guidance framework for sustainability performance analysis of manufacturing processes.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,78(9-12), 1455-1471. Shaw, G., Walters, R., Kumar, A., Sprigg, A. (2015). Sustainability in infrastructure asset management. InProceedings of the 7th World Congress on Engineering Asset Management (WCEAM 2012)(pp. 525-534). Springer International Publishing. Smith, M. (2016). Business Sustainability and the Triple Bottom Line: Considering the Interrelationships of People, Profit, and Planet. InLearner-Centered Teaching Activities for Environmental and Sustainability Studies(pp. 181-186). Springer International Publishing.

Revenge as The Source of Evil in Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Revenge as The Source of Evil in William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet† The play Hamlet by William Shakespeare is filled with unfortunate occurrences caused by evil deeds. The evil deeds included in the play are deception, maltreatment of women and murder. However, what could be the cause of evil in the play? The source of evil in William Shakespeares Hamlet is revenge. Revenge is the origin of all evil in the play because all the evil acts were triggered by the Ghosts request of revenge to Prince Hamlet. Revenge is the clearly the source of evil in the play, as there were no evil acts committed prior to the Ghosts encounter with Hamlet. While it is true that Hamlet was deeply dissatisfied with the events which occurred after his fathers death, he never acted against anyone. For instance, Hamlet greatly disapproved his mothers marriage to his uncle. Need essay sample on "Revenge as The Source of Evil in William Shakespeares Hamlet" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed He felt that Queen Gertrude rushed into marrying Claudius shortly after his beloved husbands passing. According to Hamlet, A beast that wants discourse of reason/ Would have mourned longer! (I.ii.154-155). In addition, he despised his uncle; he did not think Claudius could measure up to his late fathers capacity as king. Hamlet considered his father as so excellent a king, a hyperion compared to Claudius satyr (I.ii.143-144). Despite his unhappiness over the current situation, it must be noted that Hamlet did not inflict harm on his mother, uncle, or anyone else. College Students Very Often Tell EssayLab writers: I'm not in the mood to write my paper. But I don't have the time Specialists recommend: Try Our EssayLab Revenge is the source of evil in the play because Hamlet began to carry out wicked deeds shortly after being confronted with his fathers spirit. On their encounter, The Ghost asked Hamlet to revenge his foul and most unnatural murder (I.v.31). It was not until after agreeing to the spirits request that Hamlet started his wicked ways. Deception can be considered as his first evil act, for Hamlet planned to act like a madman to deceive certain people. He revealed to Horatio that he would sometimes act mad to conceal his plan of revenge against King Claudius, his fathers murderer. One of the people he successfully deceived was Ophelia. He had acted in a bizarre manner around her that she became convinced of his apparent madness. She remarked, O, what noble mind is here oerthrown! (III.i.163). Evil in the play can also seen in the way Hamlet treated women. After heeding his fathers request for revenge, he maltreated Queen Gertrude and Ophelia. Hamlets misogyny was reflected in his verbal attack against both women. He called his mother as stewed in corruptionmaking love over the nasty sty (III.iv.105-106). Meanwhile, Hamlet advised Ophelia to enter the convent instead of considering marriage. He believed that women are the source of sinners in the world. He told her, Get thee to a nunnery. Why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? (III.i.131-132). Lastly, evil was manifested in the play through the murders committed in the play. These murders would not have been committed if the characters were not eager for revenge. First, Hamlet was unremorseful in accidentally killing Polonius. He stabbed Polonius behind the curtain, thinking it was King Claudius. Upon Polonius death, it was Laertes who sought revenge and planned to kill Hamlet. Unfortunately, Laertes also died due to his intention to avenge his fathers murder. Instead of killing Hamlet with a poisoned cup, King Claudius became responsible for the death of Queen Gertrude. While Hamlet successfully avenged his fathers death by killing King Claudius, he was also murdered by the poisoned sword. Revenge is the origin of all evil in Hamlet by William Shakespeare. The spirits call of revenge triggered a sequence of evil acts committed by Hamlet, which in turn influenced the actions of other characters in the play. It was the desire for revenge which primarily caused the people to turn against each other in the Shakespearean tragedy. Indeed, the prevalence of evil in Hamlet was rooted in revenge. Work Cited Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. New York: Washington Square Press, 1992.

Definition and Examples of Hyponyms in English

Definition and Examples of Hyponyms in English In linguistics  and lexicography, hyponym is a term used to designate a particular member of a broader class. For instance, daisy and rose are hyponyms of flower. Also called a  subtype  or a  subordinate term. Adjective: hyponymic. Words that are hyponyms of the same broader term (that is, a hypernym) are called co-hyponyms. The semantic relationship between each of the more specific words (such as daisy and rose) and the broader term (flower)  is called hyponymy or inclusion. Hyponymy is not restricted to nouns. The verb to see, for example, has several  hyponyms- glimpse, stare, gaze, ogle, and so on.  Edward Finnegan points out that although hyponymy is found in all languages, the concepts that have words in hyponymic relationships vary from one language to the next (Language: Its Structure and Use, 2008). EtymologyFrom the Greek, below name Examples and Observations Hyponymy is a less familiar term to most people than either synonymy or antonymy, but it refers to a much more important sense relation. It describes what happens when we say An X is a kind of YA daffodil is a kind of flower, or simply, A daffodil is a flower.(David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003)Hyponyms of Red[L]et us consider words that have a similar meaning because they belong to the same segment of a domain. For instance, the words pink, scarlet,  orange, hot pink, and pumpkin . . .  are all more marked, specific terms for colors that derive from the color red. . . . These words share many of the semantic properties of the word red. Because these words form a subclass of the word red, they are referred to as hyponyms of red. Similarly, maple, birch, and pine are hyponyms of tree.Hyponyms are  more specific words that constitute a subclass of a more general word.(Bruce M. Rowe and Diane P. Levine,  A Concise Introduction to Linguistics, 4th ed.  Routledge, 2016) A Test for HyponymyHyponymy involves specific instantiations of a more general concept such as holds between horse and animal or vermillion and red or buy and get. In each case, one word provides a more specific type of concept than is displayed by the other. The more specific word is called a hyponym and the more general word is the superordinate which may also be referred to as a hyperonym or hypernym . . .. Where the words being classified according to this relation are nouns, one can test for hyponymy by replacing X and Y in the frame X is a kind of Y and seeing if the result makes sense. So we have (A) horse is a kind of animal but not (An) animal is a kind of horse and so on.(Ronnie Cann, Sense Relations. Semantics: An International Handbook of Natural Language and Meaning, Vol. 1, ed. by Claudia Maienborn, Klaus von Heusinger, and Paul Portner. Walter de Gruyter, 2011)InclusionIn general, there are a number of hyponyms for each superordinate. For example, boar and piglet are a lso hyponyms of the superordinate pig, since the meaning of each of the three words sow, boar, and piglet contains the meaning of the word pig. (Note that in defining a word like sow, boar, or piglet, the superordinate word pig is often used as part of the definition: A sow is an adult female pig.) Thus, it is not surprising that hyponymy is sometimes referred to as inclusion. The superordinate is the included word and the hyponym is the including one.(Frank Parker and Kathryn Riley, Linguistics for Non-Linguists. Allyn and Bacon, 1994) Hierarchical Relationships and Multiple LayersHouse is a hyponym of the superordinate building, but building is in turn, a hyponym of the superordinate structure, and, in its turn, structure is a hyponym of the superordinate thing. A superordinate at a given level can itself be a hyponym at a higher level.(Patrick Griffiths, An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh University Press, 2006)​Hyponyms and hypernyms have multiple layers, as in the following examples, where fry is a hyponym of the hypernym cook, but fry itself is a hypernym for some other types of frying:Hypernym: cookHyponyms: bake, boil,  grill, fry, steam, roastHypernym:  fryHyponyms:  stir-fry, pan-fry,  sautà ©, deep-fry(Michael Israel, Semantics: How Language Makes Sense. How Languages Work: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, ed. by  Carol Genetti. Cambridge University Press, 2014)  .   Pronunciation: HI-po-nim

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Prestige

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Prestige In sociolinguistics, linguistic prestige is the degree of esteem and social value attached by members of a speech community to certain languages, dialects, or features of a language variety. Social and linguistic prestige is interrelated, notes Michael Pearce. The language of powerful social groups usually carries linguistic prestige; and social prestige is often granted to speakers of prestige languages and varieties (Routledge Dictionary of English Language Studies, 2007). Linguists draw important distinctions between overt prestige and covert prestige: In the case of overt prestige, the social valuation lies in a unified, widely accepted set of social norms, whereas with covert prestige the positive social significance lies in the local culture of social relations. It is, therefore, possible for a socially stigmatized variant in one setting to have covert prestige in another (Walt Wolfram, Social Varieties of American English, 2004). Examples and Observations: Linguistic prestige is directly associated with power. As [Thomas Paul] Bonfiglio (2002:23) puts it, There is nothing in the particular language itself that determines its worth: it is the connection of the language in question to the phenomena of power that determines the value of that language and that contributes to the standardization process.(Gerard Van Herk, What Is Sociolinguistics? Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Old English certainly had words for language and female and face, and we could perfectly well have carried on using them [after the Norman invasion], but the much greater prestige of French induced many English-speakers to introduce French words into their speech in the hope of sounding more elegant. This attitude is always with us: French no longer enjoys quite the prestige it once had, but you may perhaps know someone who cannot resist spattering his English speech or writing with such French words and phrases as au contraire, joie de vivre, au naturel, fin de sià ¨cle and derrià ¨re. (R.L. Trask, Language: The Basics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 1999) Prestige in Grammar In grammar, most prestige forms are related to prescriptive norms of standardness or even literary norms. For example, the use of whom in Whom did you see? or the placement of never at the front of the sentence Never have I seen a more gruesome sight might be considered prestige variants in some social contexts. Apart from these somewhat special cases, it is difficult to find clear-cut cases of prestige variants on the grammatical level of language, particularly in the grammar of ordinary informal conversation...For present-day American English, it is clear that the vast majority of socially diagnostic structures exist on the axis of stigmatization rather than the axis of prestige.(Walt Wolfram, Social Varieties of American English. Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-First Century, ed. by Edward Finegan and John R. Rickford. Cambridge University Press, 2004) Overt and Covert Prestige A standard dialect speaker of English who intentionally switches to use of social markers such as aint and he dont is said to seek covert prestige. Such prestige is covert because its elicitation will often not, if successful, be consciously noted.Deliberate (as opposed to instinctive) use of taboo words such as fuck and shit, usage which tends to characterize male more than female speech, may also seek covert prestige, but the strength of these as social markers makes this more difficult to achieve. In a contrasting register, one uses unusually formal non-vernacular forms in vernacular contexts. For example, one will ordinarily say Its me to the question Who is it? asked by a familiar interlocutor, but, when asked the same question by one from whom one seeks prestige, the same speaker may say It is I. Similarly, except after prepositions Americans ordinarily say who in preference to whom: Who did you ask?, not Whom did you ask?  but in some circumstances, the latter may be substituted. Such usage is said to seek overt prestige because the often dubious prestige one gets from such usage is ordinarily consciously noted, hence overt. One may use jargon similarly seeking overt prestige, saying, for example, semantics when nothing more than ordinary meaning is intended.(Grover Hudson, Essential Introductory Linguistics. Blackwell, 2000) Labov on Prestige and Gender [American linguist William Labov developed] three principles regarding the linguistic behavior of men and women: 1. For stable sociolinguistic variants, women show a slower rate of stigmatized variants and a higher rate of prestige variants than men (Labov 2001: 266)2. In linguistic change from above, women adopt prestige forms at a higher rate than men (Labov 2001: 274)3. In linguistic change from below, women use higher frequencies of innovative forms than men do (Labov 2001: 292) Ultimately, Labov formulates the corresponding Gender Paradox: Women conform more closely than men to sociolinguistic norms that are overtly prescribed, but conform less than men when they are not.(Labov 2001: 293) All these principles and the Gender Paradox itself appear to be fairly robust findings with almost universal applicability in contemporary sociolinguistics...[E]very language period and every language community must be investigated independently and in its own right (pace Jardin 2000). The actual concepts and functions of class, gender, networks, and, most importantly, norms, standards, and prestige, differ radically in different communities.(Alexander Bergs, The Uniformitarian Principle and the Risk of Anachronisms in Language and Social History. The Handbook of Historical Sociolinguistics, ed. by Juan M. Hernndez-Campoy and Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Prestige, Status, and Function What do we mean by status and function? The two terms are often confused with one another and also with another term, prestige. Basically, the essential difference between prestige, function, and status is the difference between past, present, and future. The prestige of a language depends on its record, or what people think its record to have been. The function of a language is what people actually do with it. The status of a language depends on what people can do with it, its potential. Status, therefore, is the sum total of what you can do with a languagelegally, culturally, economically, politically and, of course, demographically. This is not necessarily the same as what you do with the language, although the two notions are obviously related, and indeed interdependent. They can also be connected with the prestige of a language. Let us illustrate the differences. Classical Latin has had a lot of prestige but it has few functions. Swahili has a lot of functions, but little presti ge. Irish Gaelic has status, official status, but few exclusive functions.(William F. Mackey, Determining the Status and Function of Languages in Multinational Societies. Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties, ed. by Ulrich Ammo. Walter de Gruyter, 1989)

Leadership & Ethics for Managers week two DB Essay

Leadership & Ethics for Managers week two DB - Essay Example Addiction in this case comprises salary/wage, which I get from my work because there is no other alternative currently available. I will feel different because the drive behind my motivation to work more than required descends from the love and passion of the setting as well as the kind of task I am undertaking. Liking the kind of task, I am undertaking comes from one’s favorable environment, which respective authorities or corporation has ensured for its workers such that they are capable of enjoying while working. This implies I am not putting up with the setting in order to meet my goal, which is earning much money to sustain me in life. Have you ever considered that this is an issue of perception? In other words, we view people who like to work a lot as not following what is â€Å"right† – which often means having a perfect balance between a work life and personal life. Yes. Since much of their work encompasses thinking about work to the extent when they are not working or out of their working environment, most of the time one feels uncomfortable (Burke & Cooper, 2010). Mostly, while out of their working environment tend to think they are failing the corporation, which desperately needs their contribution to succeed (Burke & Cooper,