Thursday, August 27, 2020

A Review of Software Tools for Quantitative Data Analysis

A Review of Software Tools for Quantitative Data Analysis In the event that youre aâ humanism understudy or maturing social researcher and have begun to work with quantitative (measurable) information, systematic programming will be valuable to you. These projects power scientists to arrange and clean her information and offer pre-customized orders that permit everything from extremely fundamental to very propelled types of factual investigation. They much offer valuable perceptions that will be helpful as you look to decipher your information, and that you may wish to utilize while introducing it to other people. There are numerous projects available, yet sadly, they are very costly to buy. The uplifting news for understudies and personnel is that most colleges have licenses for in any event one program which understudies and teachers can utilize. What's more, most projects offer a free, pared-down form of the full programming bundle which will regularly get the job done. Heres a survey of the three principle programs that quantitative social researchers use. Measurable Package forSocial Science (SPSS) SPSS is the most well known quantitative investigation programming program utilized by social researchers. Made and sold by IBM, it is far reaching, adaptable, and can be utilized with practically any sort of information record. Be that as it may, its particularly helpful for investigating huge scope overview information. It very well may be utilized to create arranged reports, outlines, and plots of conveyances and patterns, just as produce illustrative insights, for example, implies, medians, modes and frequencies notwithstanding increasingly complex factual investigations like relapse models. SPSS gives a UI that makes it simple and instinctive for all degrees of clients. With menus and exchange boxes, you can perform examinations without composing order linguistic structure, as in different projects. It is likewise straightforward and simple to enter and alter information legitimately into the program. There are a couple of downsides, in any case, which probably won't make it the best program for certain scientists. For instance, there is a breaking point on the quantity of cases you can investigate. It is additionally hard to represent loads, layers and gathering impacts with SPSS. STATA STATA is an intelligent information investigation program that sudden spikes in demand for an assortment of stages. It very well may be utilized for both straightforward and complex measurable investigations. STATA utilizes a point-and-snap interface just as order sentence structure, which makes it simple to utilize. STATA likewise make it easy to produce diagrams and plots of information and results. Investigation in STATA is based on four windows: the order window, survey window, result window and variable window. Investigation orders are gone into the order window and the audit window records those orders. The factors window records the factors that are accessible in the current informational collection alongside the variable marks, and the outcomes show up in the outcomes window. SAS SAS, short for Statistical Analysis System, is likewise utilized by numerous organizations; notwithstanding factual investigation, it additionally permits developers to perform report composing, designs, business arranging, anticipating, quality improvement, venture the board and that's only the tip of the iceberg. SAS is an incredible program for the moderate and propelled client since it is amazing; it tends to be utilized with very enormous datasets and can perform perplexing and propelled investigations. SAS is useful for examinations that expect you to consider loads, layers or gatherings. Dissimilar to SPSS and STATA, SAS is run generally by programming linguistic structure instead of point-and-snap menus, so some information on the programming language is required.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

GULF AIR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Bay AIR - Essay Example Fund was never an issue getting airplane conveyed was an a lot more serious issue. There were fundamentally two nations fabricating traveler airplane the U.S.A. furthermore, the U.K. England was on edge to sell the same number of airplane as they could while they despite everything had a state in worldwide issues. Yet, there was an inward clatter to set up their own aircraft first, for British. The Americans had no issues of that sort. It was only that they were overbooked. The essential point was to get an aircraft moving while at the same time contending with Saudi Arabia and Egypt, principally for Arab traffic. Essential technique was to utilize our Eastern area to fly Eastwards-India, Singapore, Australia. Working an aircraft is tied in with bringing in cash whether for the organization or the nation. â€Å"We needed to remain focussed on universal tasks and regulatory labor additionally expanded. Development is reflected in more airplane and team, more courses, more partnership s and trades, etc. We have developed impressively, on the off chance that I may state so†, he includes. On talking about the significance and job of internationalization in their company’s procedure he finds the inquiry, odd. â€Å"Because directly from the beginning, we were a universal bearer, with administrations to about 40 nations around the world, as a heritage from BOAC†, he clarifies. This must be offset with the way that they were dish Arab as well, with a preference towards looking inwards. â€Å"We are a little nation and one bounce takes you abroad. To begin with, we needed to shake off our Arab isolated perspectives. Our customer base is over 85% outsiders. Our Cockpit Crew is additionally packed with outsiders, who are paid an attractive sum. We get the chance to extend our nation,

Friday, August 21, 2020

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Columbia Business School Entrepreneurship

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Columbia Business School Entrepreneurship Columbia Business School offers its students a variety of entrepreneurial programsâ€"the Lang Fund grants up to $25,000 to student ventures, the entrepreneur’s organization makes $10,000 available to the students who win the outrageous business plan competition, and the Entrepreneurial Greenhouse program provides support for those who intend to start a business immediately upon graduation. But what if you just want to test your idea to determine whether it is worth pursuing? Students with less-refined ideas may opt to first pitch their proposed venture to a member of the faculty through the Entrepreneurial Sounding Board, a program that provides students with 30-minute feedback sessions, regardless of the development level of the proposed idea(s). Often, professors will do more than just give these students mere feedback, also suggesting action items and facilitating networking opportunities. After a students idea has been thoroughly considered, the student  will then be prepared t o propose it to the Greenhouse and seek funding, fully aware of the challenges and opportunities ahead. Share ThisTweet Columbia University (Columbia Business School) Friday Factoids

Monday, May 25, 2020

The Costs Of Healthcare For The Homeless Population

Our Innovation Our proposed innovation will decrease the costs of healthcare for the homeless population in the inner city that suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our proposed innovation is an internal capnography chip. The chip sends a signal to the local health department that will be able to monitor the respiratory, circulatory, and metabolic status of homeless individuals. The internal chip will have a global positioning system (GPS) to locate the patient when the capnography is showing increased respiratory distress. Capnography provides a quantitative reading and a graphic waveform that measures the patient’s exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2). The byproduct of metabolism in the human body is carbon dioxide; it is diffused into the blood and transported to the lungs. The alveoli in the lungs eliminate it from the body. This process provides the healthcare provider with valuable information on the health status of the individual. Capnography provides quic k and accurate information on the ventilator, circulatory and metabolic function of the patient in real-time (Brandt, 2010). Capnography will allow the medical team to monitor the presence and severity of bronchospasm and if the patient is following the treatment plan for exacerbations. If the patient isn’t showing signs of improvement, emergency medical services (EMS) can be sent to the location to provide additional support. Along with COPD, metabolic conditions can be effectively monitored inShow MoreRelatedThe Costs On Healthcare For The Homeless Population1990 Words   |  8 PagesOur Innovation Our proposed innovation will decrease the costs on healthcare for the homeless population in the inner city that suffer from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our proposed innovation is an internal capnography chip. The chip sends a signal to the local health department that will be able to monitor respiratory, circulatory, and metabolic status of the homeless. The internal chip will have a global positioning system (GPS) to locate the patient when the capnography is showingRead MoreLegal Factors Of An Urban Institute1683 Words   |  7 Pageseligible populations, the Congressional Budget Office has projected that only eight million will enroll in the first year (2014) and only 11 million two years after implementation (Congressional Budget Office, 2013). Issue Statement How can state legislatures improve access to care for the homeless population? Stakeholder Due to the magnitude of this issue there have been several interest groups, for the expansion of Medicaid. Stakeholders include advocacy groups such as, the Homeless Health CouncilRead MoreEssay on Barriers to Healthcare for the Homeless Population1432 Words   |  6 PagesBarriers to Healthcare for the Homeless Population Dana Duggan University of Phoenix Sheila De Vaugh, APRN, BC August 3, 2009 Introduction A homeless person is defined as someone â€Å"who lacks a fixed, regular adequate night time residence or a person who resides in a shelter, welfare hotel, transitional program or place not ordinarily used as regular sleeping accommodations, such as streets, movie theaters, cars, abandoned buildings, etc.† (Cone, 2008, p. ). Homelessness is a growing problemRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act Of The United States1616 Words   |  7 Pagesincome, homeless, and uninsured individuals (Hwang et al., 2010). The government has recognized the lack of healthcare for these individuals. For many years, politicians have been struggling to enact a healthcare reform. Finally, in March 2010 the Affordable Care act was written into law (Hammer, Phillips, Schmidt, 2010). There have been many debates on the pros and cons and how effective this act will be at achieving the goal. These debates raise the question, should poor or homeless individualsRead MoreSample Grant Proposal Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesGrant Proposal Robert Breedlove III Faculty: Allison Butler NUR 465: Population Health: Local, National, and Global approaches April 28, 2015 The student name indicated on this title page signifies that the author has read and understands the IWU Honesty Policy as outlined in the Student Handbook and IWU Catalog. Affixing this statement to the title page certifies that no cheating or dishonest use of information has occurred in completing this assignment. The work submitted is originalRead MoreVulnerable Population and Self Awareness Paper1620 Words   |  7 Pageshead: VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SELF Vulnerable Population and Self-Awareness Paper: Substance Abuse Lesley Pyron University of Phoenix Vulnerable Population and Self-Awareness Paper Effective healthcare is dependent on understanding vulnerable individuals and populations with respect to biases and prejudices of healthcare providers. According to de Chesnay (2008), â€Å"Vulnerability is a general concept meaning susceptibility, and its specific connotation in terms of healthcare is at risk for healthRead MoreHealth Care Analysis1113 Words   |  5 PagesAlice Lam POLS 110 David Kelly November 16 Extending the Health Coverage to 30 The United States of America has been struggling to resolve the issues of its health care system for decades. The cost of healthcare is high, the quality and access to health care are relatively affected. America has a highly developed health care system, which is available to all people. Although it can be very complex and frustrating at times, it has come a long way from the health care organizations. The boomerang generationRead MoreShould Poor Or Homeless Individuals Be Required Pay For Healthcare Insurance?1592 Words   |  7 Pagesoverall inadequacy of healthcare for low income, homeless, and uninsured individuals (Hwang et al., 2010). For many years the government has recognized the lack of care and have been struggling to enact a healthcare reform. Finally, in March 2010 the Affordable Care act was written into law (Hammer et al., 2010). There have been many debates on the pros and cons and how effective this act will be at achieving the goal. These debates raise the questio n, should poor or homeless individuals be requiredRead MoreThe Problem Of Homeless Population1401 Words   |  6 Pagesnumber of homeless people; this situation has been highly overlooked by media and political attention. Cities in many parts of the world may be known as centers for poverty whether if it s a developed or developing country. No city, state, or country is prone to homelessness. Los Angeles in particular is an entry point for many immigrants who come to look for jobs. The intentions are not to cause there to be a vulnerability to poverty but to try to make a living some how. â€Å"Skid Row homeless populationRead MoreAnalysis of the Homeless Family in America1728 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Homeless Family in America Introduction While homelessness may be an issue that is so far from the minds of the average American family, the truth remains that the current homelessness statistics in America suggest that the issue of homelessness is far more average than one could ever imagine. As of January 2012, The National Alliance to End Homelessness published a series of reports that listed the number of homeless Americans at 636,017 with a rate of homelessness at 21 homeless people

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Questions On The On Cyber Offense - 1581 Words

Report 1 10/10/2014 Luke Weyrauch ICS 382 – 01 Fall 2014 Faisal Kaleem Metropolitan State University Background Cyberattacks have both the potential to devastate and intimidate. They can disable national infrastructure, disrupt communication systems, or even destroy nuclear reactors. Cybersecurity is a thought-provoking and interesting issue. The use of cyberattacks in US as a tool of policy is not sufficiently deliberated by policy makers but it’s of utmost importance to the nation. The policy issues facing the acquisition and use of cyberattacks in US remains a riddle among many policymakers in the US and the world at large. â€Å"Lifting the Veil on Cyber Offense† is an article based on the National Research Council, 2009. The article†¦show more content†¦Summary of the issues raised The pertinent issues presented in the article are majorly based on the ways the National Research Council can protect the US against cyberattacks. The article affirms that cybersecurity is both a delicate and sensitive issue that requires deliberate monitoring before taking any action. However, most of the studies carried out have been based mostly on the cyberdefense side rather than the cyber offense side. This gap, therefore, acts as a motivation towards carrying out this particular research in trying to unveil some of the issues that remain untouched. The current state of cyberattacks in many countries including the US is one filled with dilemma and misunderstanding. Proper institutions and policies have not been set in place to ensure that the policies formulated are in line with both national and international interests. Some of the problems existing include difficulty in identification of parties responsible for cyberattacks, strategic and tactical implications of cyberattacks, and lack of comprehensive strategic policies in the US, among many others (Lin, 2009). These problems exist because cyber related crimes have no boundaries nor proper

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Considerations and Treatments of Glioblastomas - 1454 Words

Malignant gliomas are the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor, and glioblastoma accounts for 82% of cases of malignant glioma. Glioblastomas arise from glial precursor cells and are characterized histologically by considerable cellularity, mitotic activity, vascular proliferation, and necrosis. They are highly invasive, infiltrating surrounding brain tissues, yet they are typically confined to the central nervous system and do not metastasize.1 From a molecular standpoint, malignant glioblastomas are heterogeneous tumors, and genome studies have demonstrated four transcriptional subclasses. These four classes display features of distinct cell types: classical, mesenchymal, proneural, and neural.1 Patients with glioblastoma experience a wide variety of complications from both the disease and drug therapies. Current standard therapies for glioblastoma are maximal safe surgical resection followed by temozolomide and radiotherapy. With these therapies the median pati ent survival is less than 2 years due to common tumor recurrence.2 However, new therapies such as targeted vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, carmustine wafers, and gene therapies are promising in prolonging survival and delaying progression of the disease. Patients with glioblastoma experience clinical complications of the malignancy including thromboembolic events, seizures, fluctuations in neurologic symptoms, and visual field defects, in addition to adverse effects fromShow MoreRelatedEuthanasi An Ethical And Logical Option952 Words   |  4 Pageswrong. Euthanasia is currently legal in five states, those states are New Mexico, Oregon, Montana, Washington and Vermont. Last year, Oregon successfully set an example of assisted suicide. Brittany Maynard, a 29 year old woman suffering from IV glioblastoma multiforme, a form of terminal brain cancer, successfully and peacefully ended her life after moving from San Francisco to Oregon, to take advantage of the state’s Death with Dignity Act. Her death made national headlines, making her a mascot toRead MoreWhat are Brain Tumors?1342 Words   |  5 Pagesvision, balance, hearing, reflexes and coordination. A difficulty in any of these areas will give a clue about what part of your brain is affected by a tumour. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The test is conducted to help diagnose, evaluate and plan treatment forbrain tumours. In some cases, a dye may be injected through a vein before conducting the MRI. Different types of MRI scans include functional MRI, perfusion MRI,and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Computerized tomography (CT) scan and positronRead MoreCaring For The Human Body1748 Words   |  7 PagesHolistic care is being concerned about a complete system, rather than individual parts (Webster, 2014). Because this type of medical care does not focus on a single specialized area, many factors must be taken into consideration. Caring for the human body requires caring for it as a whole; this includes the body, the mind and inevitably, the spirit. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, self-actualization includes spiritual well-being (Potter Perry, 2013). Although it is assumed that ourRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide, When Is It Acceptable?1709 Words   |  7 Pages taking a lethal dosage of medication prescribed by a physician. Physician-assisted suicide is also identifiable from euthanasia. It does not mean the withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining medical care that is based on patient’s refusal of treatment but rather the physician is involve in a patient where they want to end their own life . According to Beauchamp and Childress, in order for a physician-assisted suicide to be justified there are the competent patient should request physician-assistedRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide During The United States And Other Countries Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pagesthe use and discretion of euthanasia. Practice becomes dangerous as some countries do not required psychiatric evaluation, leading to the deaths of some depressed or mentally ill patients who may have wanted to live had they received appropriate treatment, when this topic arises it is faced by advocates who argue this is the individuals â€Å"right to die.† ASSISTED SUICIDE Assisted suicide is when someone provides an individual with the information, guidance and means to take his or her own life withRead MoreEuthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide - Good, Bad, Right, Or Wrong?1860 Words   |  8 Pagessouls they will put an end to themselves. Plato, The Republic. We have learned from Plato, that Asclepius, the god of healing and medicine, believed that in cases where there was no feasible effective treatment and when life expectancy was short, the physician could refuse to administer any kind of treatment, since to treat such a patient would be of no benefit to the person or to society. (Plato, The Republic) Believing in the harmony of life, Plato was against what nowadays is called active euthanasiaRead MoreReflection Of The Five Wishes1810 Words   |  8 Pagesfamilies were overwhelmed with unexpected end-of-life decisions. As an educated caregiver, we should personally take the necessary steps to assure these tough decisions are known to someon e who can facilitate the level of care desired. Such consideration of these elements of care in advance can help to support our loved ones during this emotional time. After review of the five wishes, I recognized that I would not want life-support measures if faced with irreversible deleterious outcomes thatRead MoreThe Meaning Of The Word Dignity2530 Words   |  11 Pagesto protect all those involved. What qualifies an individual for PAD? The person must be 18 years of age and a resident of the state. Presence of terminal illness with a life expectancy of 6 months or less is required. Terminal is defined as treatment would be not provide a cure, be frugal to pursue, and only prolong suffering. The individual must be under the care of a physician. The request is completely voluntary and the intent of obtaining the medication is to end life through self administrationRead MoreA Student Questions : Take Home Exam1786 Words   |  8 Pagescould be a powerful approach for developing safe and effective cancer therapeutics (Dai et al 2016). Chemotherapy and radiation have been used for treatment of cancer since long time but many of the cancer remain refractory and developed resistant towards this treatment. Now, scientists are being busy in harnessing immune system and lymphocytes for treatment of cancer and many evidence shows the overwhelming efficacy of these cells in controlling and eradication of cancer (Almasbak, Aarvak, VemuriRead MoreEuthanasia Is The Act Or Practice?1924 Words   |  8 Pagesdecide to take advantage of Oregon Death with Dignity Law which allows residents with terminal illnesses to take their own life with lethal drugs provided by a doctor. Brittany Maynard whom is diagnoses with brain cancer or more specifically stage 4 glioblastoma and was told that she has 6 month to live. The woman pledged to end her own life under Oregon’s Death with Dignity Law. She died in her own home due to the lethal dose of Barbiturates that is prescribed by her doctor. She posted a goodbye letter

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Apportionment Damage Contributory Negligence-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Apportionment Damage Contributory Negligence? Answer: Introducation The law of negligence is applied in the given case which is a part of common law in Australia. Negligence is defined as a persons breach of the duty of care due to which another person faces injury or loss (Steele, 2010). In Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 case, Lord Atkin provided the key elements of the law of negligence which include the duty of care, breach of such duty and resulting damages (Cornock, 2011). In Caparo Industries Plc. v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 case, Lord Bridge provide the principle of Caparo test which provides three stages for imposing a duty of care which includes reasonable foreseeability, proximity relationship, and reasonable reason to impose a duty of care (Sokol, 2012). In this case, a large number of people visit supermarkets, and it is reasonable to understand that supermarket should continuously clean their floor to ensure that customers are not getting injured by slipping on the floor. Aldi supermarkets have reasonable foreseeability of cleaning the floor; therefore, they have a duty of care towards Tamara. In conclusion, it is reasonable for Aldi Supermarkets to clear their floor to prevent any injury to customers, therefore, they have a duty of care towards Tamara. The issue is whether Aldi Supermarkets breached their duty of care. A breach of duty occurs if a person who has a duty of care towards another individual failed to fulfil the standard which resulted in causing injury to the party. In Mersey Docks and Harbour Board Ltd v Coggins and Griffith (Liverpool) Ltd [1946] 2 All ER 345 HL, the court held that negligence is not performing an action which a reasonable person would have done in similar circumstances. Supermarkets are liable towards their customers security; therefore, it is reasonable to understand that Aldi Supermarkets has a duty to clean the floor in order to avoid any potential injury to consumers and they failed to meet required safety standards. To conclude, Aldi Supermarket failed to meet the standard care since they did not clean the floor which caused injury to Tamara The issue is whether actions of Aldi Supermarket caused injury to Tamara and whether the injury is too remote. The Perre v Apand Pty Ltd [1999] 198 CLR 180 case provided that proximate relationship signifies that actions of the defendant are connected with plaintiff which means plaintiff suffers direct consequences in case defendant failed to fulfill his/her duty of care. In Sutherland Shire Council v Heyman [1985] 157 CLR 424 care, it was held that the damage caused to the plaintiff must directly relate with the breach of the duty of defendant and it did not include threats which are very remote or not predictable (Goudkamp, 2015). Tamara slipped on a puddle of melted ice-cream which was not cleaned by the staff of Aldi Supermarket, and the corporation has a proximity relationship with customers, therefore, the company is liable for the injury. Further, the injury was not too remote because Tamara spends several months recovering and the cost of recovery was high as well. To conclude, the actions of Aldi Supermarket caused injury to Tamara which was not too remote. The issue is whether Aldi Supermarkets can rely on the defence of contributory negligence of Tamara. Under pure contributory negligence, the court completely barred plaintiff from the recovery of damages even if he/she has one percent contribution to the negligence. In Australia, the count did not completely barred the plaintiff; instead, the amount of recovery is reduced to the percent of plaintiffs contribution (Goudkamp and Klar, 2015). The Pennington v Norris [1956] HCA 26 case provides that contributory negligence cause due to plaintiffs actions due which he/she suffered damages. In Australia, the court decides the percentage of plaintiffs contributory negligence and reduces the recovery amount up to such percentage (Stewart and Stuhmcke, 2009). In this case, the day was wet which means Tamaras shoes were wet as well. Tamara was running, and it is reasonable to understand that one person should not run in supermarkets aisle. Aldi Supermarkets also clean their floor every 45 minutes which means that they take appropriate measure for the security of their customers. Therefore, Aldi Supermarkets can use the defence of contributory negligence and the court can reduce the recover amount. To conclude, Aldi Supermarkets can use the defence of contributory negligence. The issue is whether Aldi Supermarket can rely on the voluntary assumption of risk defence. Voluntary assumptions of risk is a defence against tort of negligence based on Latin maxims called Volenti non fit injuria which translate that no harm is done if one volunteer. In White v Blackmore [1972] 3 WLR 296 case, the court held that plaintiff know about the risk, and he accepted it, therefore, he cannot recover damages from the defendant. The three key elements of this defence include voluntary, agreement and knowledge (Harpwood, 2009). Aldi Supermarkets cannot use this defence because there was no agreement (express or implied) available and Tamara was not aware that ice-cream has melted on the floor.To conclude, Aldi Supermarkets cannot use the defence of voluntary assumption of risk because of lack of agreement and knowledge. The issue is whether the principle of causation is applied in this case. Causation is another element of negligence which provides that there must be a legal connection between the action of defendant and negligence. In Chester v Afshar [2004] 3 WLR 927 case, the court held that the doctor is held liable for negligence because he did not provide proper knowledge to his patient which resulted in causing him damages (Reynard and Marsh, 2009). Aldi Supermarket is liable for the security of its customers, and they have to take proper security measure to protect the consumer from any potential harm. Conclusion To conclude, the principle of causation applied in this case because Aldi Supermarket has a proximity relationship with Tamara and it is their legal duty to protect their customers from any potential harm. References Cornock, M. (2011) A legal commentary on negligence.Paediatric nursing,23(1), p.21. Goudkamp, J. and Klar, L. (2015) Apportionment of Damages for Contributory Negligence: The Causal Potency Criterion.Alta. L. Rev.,53, p.849. Goudkamp, J.0 (2015) A Revolution in Duty of Care?. Law Quarterly Review, pp. 519-525. Harpwood, V.H. (2009)Modern Tort Law 7/e. Abingdon: Routledge. Reynard, J. and Marsh, H. (2009) The development of consent from Bolam to Chester: what you need to know and what your patients are entitled to know.BJU international,103(11), pp.1458-1461. Sokol, D.K. (2012) Law, ethics, and the duty of care.BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online),345. Steele, J. (2010)Tort Law: Text, cases, and materials. England: Oxford University Press. Stewart, P.E. and Stuhmcke, A.G. (2009)Australian principles of tort law. NSW: The Federation Press.